Mixed-member systems are electoral systems that combine elements of both proportional representation and first-past-the-post voting. In these systems, voters typically have two votes: one for a candidate in their local district and another for a political party. This allows for a balance between local representation and overall party support. The structure of mixed-member systems can vary, but they often aim to ensure that the overall composition of the legislature reflects the proportion of votes each party receives. Countries like Germany and New Zealand use mixed-member systems to enhance democratic representation and reduce the impact of vote splitting.