Minamata disease is a severe neurological condition caused by mercury poisoning. It was first identified in the 1950s in Minamata Bay, Japan, where industrial waste from a chemical factory contaminated the water. People who consumed fish and shellfish from the bay developed symptoms such as numbness, tremors, and vision problems. The disease primarily affected the local population, leading to significant health issues and fatalities. It highlighted the dangers of environmental pollution and the importance of regulating industrial waste. The incident prompted global awareness and changes in policies regarding mercury use and environmental protection.