Microtonal music theory explores musical systems that use intervals smaller than the traditional half-step found in Western music. This approach allows for a broader range of pitches, enabling composers to create unique scales and harmonies. Microtonal music can be found in various cultures, including Indian classical music and Middle Eastern music, which often utilize quarter tones and other divisions of the octave. In microtonal music, the tuning systems can vary significantly, leading to different emotional and aesthetic experiences. Instruments like the oud or specially designed microtonal guitars are often used to perform these compositions. This theory challenges conventional notions of melody and harmony, inviting listeners to explore new sonic landscapes.