Microstructure refers to the small-scale structure of materials, typically observed at the microscopic level. It includes the arrangement of grains, phases, and defects within a material, which can significantly influence its properties, such as strength, ductility, and conductivity. Understanding microstructure is essential in fields like materials science and engineering, as it helps in designing materials for specific applications. The study of microstructure often involves techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which allow scientists to visualize and analyze the internal features of materials. By manipulating microstructure through processes like heat treatment or alloying, engineers can enhance material performance and tailor it for various uses, from construction to electronics.