Mexican history is rich and diverse, beginning with ancient civilizations like the Maya and Aztec empires, which thrived long before European contact. These cultures made significant advancements in agriculture, mathematics, and astronomy. In 1519, the arrival of Hernán Cortés marked the beginning of Spanish colonization, leading to the fall of the Aztec Empire and the establishment of New Spain. After nearly 300 years of colonial rule, Mexico gained independence in 1821, sparking a series of political changes and conflicts, including the Mexican-American War and the Mexican Revolution. Today, Mexico is known for its vibrant culture, influenced by its rich history and diverse heritage.