Metallography techniques are methods used to study the structure and properties of metals and alloys. These techniques involve preparing samples, often by cutting, polishing, and etching, to reveal the microstructure. Common methods include optical microscopy, which uses light to magnify the sample, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which provides detailed images at a much higher resolution. Another important aspect of metallography is the analysis of phase diagrams and grain structures. Techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) help identify the crystalline phases present in a material. Understanding these structures is crucial for predicting the mechanical properties and performance of materials in various applications, including engineering and manufacturing.