Metallographic techniques are methods used to study the structure and properties of metals and alloys at a microscopic level. These techniques involve preparing samples through processes like cutting, mounting, grinding, and polishing to create a smooth surface for examination. Once prepared, samples are analyzed using tools such as optical microscopes or scanning electron microscopes to observe features like grain size, phase distribution, and defects. This analysis helps in understanding material behavior, guiding improvements in manufacturing processes, and ensuring quality control in industries like aerospace and automotive.