The Messenians are an ancient Greek people who inhabited the region of Messenia, located in the southwestern part of the Peloponnese. They are known for their conflicts with the neighboring Spartans, particularly during the Messenian Wars, which were fought over control of the fertile land in the area. The Messenians were primarily agricultural and had a rich cultural heritage. Throughout their history, the Messenians experienced periods of subjugation and resistance. After being conquered by the Spartans, many Messenians became serfs known as helots. However, they eventually regained their independence in the 4th century BCE, leading to the establishment of the Messenian League and a resurgence of their cultural identity.