Medieval Wales, from the 5th to the 15th century, was characterized by a series of small kingdoms, such as Gwynedd and Deheubarth. The landscape was marked by rugged mountains and lush valleys, influencing the development of local cultures and economies. The Welsh people spoke Welsh and maintained a distinct identity, often resisting outside influences, particularly from England. During this period, Wales experienced significant political changes, including the rise of powerful leaders like Llywelyn the Great. The construction of impressive castles, such as Caernarfon Castle, reflected the ongoing conflicts and the struggle for independence. The Laws in Wales Acts in the 16th century eventually integrated Wales into the English legal system, marking the end of its medieval era.