Medieval Ireland, spanning roughly from the 5th to the 16th century, was characterized by a mix of Gaelic culture and Norse influence. The society was organized into clans, each led by a chieftain, and was known for its rich traditions in literature, music, and art. Monasteries, such as Clonmacnoise, played a crucial role in education and preserving knowledge. During this period, Ireland faced invasions from the Vikings, leading to the establishment of coastal towns like Dublin. The arrival of the Normans in the 12th century further transformed the landscape, introducing feudalism and new architectural styles, including stone castles.