During the medieval period, various controversies arose, often centered around the power dynamics between the Church and the State. One significant conflict was the Investiture Controversy, where kings and popes disputed who had the authority to appoint bishops. This struggle highlighted the tension between secular and religious authority, impacting governance and church influence. Another notable controversy involved the Schism of 1054, which divided Christianity into the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. This split was fueled by theological disagreements, cultural differences, and political rivalries, leading to lasting divisions that shaped the religious landscape of Europe.