Meşrutiyet refers to the constitutional period in the Ottoman Empire that began in 1908. It marked a significant shift towards parliamentary governance, allowing for the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. This movement aimed to modernize the empire and address various social and political issues, promoting ideas of democracy and civil rights. The first Meşrutiyet was declared in 1876 but was short-lived. The second declaration in 1908 led to the formation of the Committee of Union and Progress, which played a crucial role in the political landscape of the time. This period ultimately set the stage for further reforms and the eventual establishment of the Republic of Turkey.