The Mataram Kingdom was a significant Javanese kingdom that existed from the late 16th century to the early 18th century in what is now Indonesia. It emerged as a powerful state under the leadership of Sultan Agung, who expanded its territory and influence through military conquests and strategic alliances. The kingdom played a crucial role in the spread of Islam in Java. During its peak, the Mataram Kingdom became a center of culture and trade, fostering arts and literature. The kingdom's capital was located in Kraton Yogyakarta, which remains an important cultural site today. The decline of Mataram began in the late 17th century due to internal strife and external pressures, leading to its eventual fragmentation.