Lunar geography refers to the physical features and landforms found on the surface of the Moon. The Moon's surface is characterized by large, flat plains called maria, which are formed by ancient volcanic activity. These dark areas are contrasted by lighter, heavily cratered regions known as the highlands. The lunar poles are also significant, featuring permanently shadowed craters that may contain water ice. Other notable features include craters, which are formed by impacts from asteroids and comets, and rilles, which are long, narrow depressions that resemble channels. Understanding lunar geography helps scientists learn more about the Moon's history and formation.