Liu Shan was the second and last emperor of the Shu Han state during the Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. He ruled from 223 to 263 AD, following his father, Liu Bei, the founder of Shu Han. Liu Shan is often remembered for his lack of strong leadership and reliance on his advisors, particularly Zhuge Liang, who was a prominent strategist and chancellor. His reign faced numerous challenges, including military threats from the rival states of Wei and Wu. Ultimately, Liu Shan's rule ended when Shu Han was conquered by Wei in 263 AD, leading to his surrender and subsequent exile.