Lebanese history is marked by its strategic location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Sea and the Middle East. Ancient civilizations, including the Phoenicians, thrived in the region, known for their maritime trade and the development of the alphabet. Over centuries, Lebanon was influenced by various empires, including the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman empires, each leaving a cultural imprint. In the 20th century, Lebanon gained independence from French mandate in 1943. However, the country faced significant challenges, including a devastating civil war from 1975 to 1990. Today, Lebanon is known for its rich cultural diversity, with various religious and ethnic communities coexisting.