The late 17th century, spanning from 1660 to 1700, was a period marked by significant political, social, and scientific changes in Europe. This era saw the rise of absolute monarchies, with rulers like Louis XIV of France consolidating power. The period also experienced conflicts such as the Franco-Dutch War and the English Civil War, which shaped national identities and governance. In science, the late 17th century was notable for advancements in fields like physics and astronomy. Figures such as Isaac Newton made groundbreaking contributions, including the formulation of the laws of motion and universal gravitation. This period laid the groundwork for the Scientific Revolution, influencing future generations of thinkers and innovators.