The Kingdom of Italy was a nation-state that existed from 1861 to 1946. It was formed through the unification of various states and territories on the Italian Peninsula, with Victor Emmanuel II becoming its first king. The kingdom played a significant role in European politics and was involved in both World Wars. In 1946, following World War II and a referendum, the monarchy was abolished, leading to the establishment of the Italian Republic. The kingdom's legacy includes advancements in culture, art, and science, as well as its influence on modern Italian identity and governance.