King Vittorio Emanuele III was the King of Italy from 1900 until 1946. He was born on November 11, 1869, and became king after the assassination of his father, King Umberto I. His reign saw significant events, including World War I and the rise of Fascism in Italy. During his rule, Vittorio Emanuele III faced many challenges, including political instability and social unrest. He eventually abdicated in 1946, following a referendum that led to the establishment of the Italian Republic, marking the end of the monarchy in Italy and the beginning of a new political era.