King Alfonso XIII was the King of Spain from 1886 until 1931. He was born on November 17, 1886, and became king at birth, as his father, King Alfonso XII, had died shortly before his birth. His reign was marked by political instability, social unrest, and the challenges of modernizing Spain. During his rule, Alfonso XIII faced numerous crises, including the loss of Spain's colonies in the Spanish-American War and the rise of regional nationalism. In 1931, amid growing discontent, he went into exile, leading to the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic.