Jules Mazarin was an Italian-born cardinal and statesman who played a crucial role in French politics during the 17th century. Born in 1602, he became the chief minister to King Louis XIV after the death of Cardinal Richelieu. Mazarin was instrumental in consolidating royal power and managing the affairs of the state during the Fronde, a series of civil wars in France. Mazarin is also known for his contributions to the arts and culture, as he was a patron of many artists and intellectuals of his time. His diplomatic skills helped secure the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, which ended the conflict between France and Spain.