The Judiciary Act of 1789 was a landmark piece of legislation that established the federal judiciary system in the United States. It created the structure of the Supreme Court, including the number of justices, and set up lower federal courts. This act aimed to ensure a uniform legal system across the nation. Additionally, the Judiciary Act defined the jurisdiction of the federal courts and outlined the process for appointing judges. It played a crucial role in shaping the balance of power among the branches of government, reinforcing the importance of an independent judiciary in upholding the rule of law.