The Judiciary Act of 1789 was a landmark law that established the federal judiciary system in the United States. It created the structure of the Supreme Court, along with lower federal courts, and defined their jurisdiction. This act aimed to ensure a uniform legal system across the nation. Additionally, the act allowed for the appointment of Supreme Court justices and other federal judges, laying the groundwork for the judicial branch of the U.S. government. It also included provisions for the appeals process, helping to clarify how federal laws would be interpreted and enforced.