Judentum, or Judaism, is one of the oldest monotheistic religions in the world, originating over 3,000 years ago in the ancient Near East. It is based on the belief in one God and follows the teachings of the Torah, which is the central reference of the religious Judaic tradition. Judaism encompasses a wide range of beliefs, practices, and cultural traditions. The Jewish people, known as Juden, have a rich history that includes significant events such as the Exodus from Egypt and the establishment of the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Today, Judaism is practiced in various forms, including Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform Judaism, each with its own interpretations and customs.