Joshua Lederberg was an American microbiologist known for his pioneering work in genetics and molecular biology. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958 for his research on bacterial conjugation, which is a process of genetic exchange between bacteria. His discoveries laid the groundwork for understanding how bacteria evolve and adapt. In addition to his research, Lederberg was a prominent advocate for the exploration of space biology. He contributed to NASA's efforts to understand the potential for life on other planets, emphasizing the importance of studying microorganisms in space environments. His work has had a lasting impact on both microbiology and astrobiology.