A "Jew" refers to a member of the Jewish people, an ethnoreligious group with a shared cultural and religious heritage. Judaism, the religion of the Jews, is one of the oldest monotheistic faiths, centered around the belief in one God and the teachings of the Torah, which is the central reference of the religious Judaic tradition. Jewish identity can encompass religious, cultural, and ethnic dimensions. Jews have a rich history that includes significant contributions to various fields such as philosophy, science, and the arts. Throughout history, they have faced challenges, including persecution, notably during the Holocaust, which profoundly impacted Jewish communities worldwide.