Islamic history began in the 7th century with the life of the Prophet Muhammad, who founded the religion of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula. After his death in 632 CE, the Caliphate system emerged, leading to the rapid expansion of Islamic rule across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe and Asia. This period saw the establishment of major cities like Baghdad and Cordoba, which became centers of learning and culture.
Throughout the centuries, Islamic civilization made significant contributions to various fields, including science, mathematics, and philosophy. The Golden Age of Islam (8th to 14th centuries) was marked by advancements in medicine, astronomy, and literature. The spread of Islam also led to the development of
