Islamic kingdoms were political entities that emerged in various regions following the spread of Islam in the 7th century. These kingdoms, such as the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, played significant roles in the development of culture, science, and trade. They often encompassed vast territories, including parts of North Africa, the Middle East, and Spain. These kingdoms were characterized by their unique governance systems, which combined religious and political authority. They promoted advancements in various fields, including mathematics, medicine, and philosophy, contributing to a rich cultural heritage that influenced many societies around the world.