Islamic Astronomy refers to the astronomical practices and knowledge developed in the Islamic world from the 8th to the 14th centuries. Scholars, such as Al-Battani and Al-Farghani, made significant contributions by refining earlier Greek and Indian astronomical models. They improved observational techniques and created detailed star catalogs, which were essential for navigation and timekeeping. During this period, the construction of observatories, like the Maragheh Observatory, facilitated advanced studies of celestial bodies. Islamic astronomers also introduced new instruments, such as the astrolabe, which helped in measuring the positions of stars and planets. Their work laid the groundwork for modern astronomy.