Inquisition Courts were judicial institutions established by the Catholic Church during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance to combat heresy. They aimed to identify, investigate, and punish individuals accused of holding beliefs contrary to the Church's teachings. The process often involved secretive trials, where evidence could be gathered without the accused's knowledge, leading to controversial outcomes. These courts operated in various regions, including Spain, Portugal, and parts of Italy. The most infamous was the Spanish Inquisition, which began in 1478. Inquisition Courts played a significant role in shaping religious and social dynamics in Europe, often instilling fear and promoting conformity to orthodox beliefs.