The Indus River Valley is an ancient civilization located in present-day Pakistan and northwest India. It flourished around 2500 BCE and is known for its advanced urban planning, including well-organized cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. The civilization developed a sophisticated drainage system and standardized weights and measures. The Indus River itself is crucial to the region, providing water for agriculture and trade. The people of the Indus Valley engaged in farming, crafting, and commerce, contributing to a vibrant economy. Despite its achievements, the civilization declined around 1900 BCE, and many aspects of its culture remain a mystery today.