Indonesian history is marked by a rich tapestry of cultures and influences. The archipelago has been inhabited for thousands of years, with early civilizations such as the Srivijaya and Majapahit empires flourishing in trade and culture. In the 16th century, European powers, including the Dutch, began to colonize the region, leading to significant changes in governance and society. After centuries of colonial rule, Indonesia declared its independence in 1945, following World War II. The struggle for sovereignty was led by figures like Sukarno, who became the first president. Today, Indonesia is recognized as a diverse nation with over 17,000 islands and a multitude of ethnic groups and languages.