Indian history is a rich tapestry that dates back thousands of years, showcasing a diverse range of cultures and civilizations. One of the earliest known urban cultures, the Indus Valley Civilization, flourished around 2500 BCE, characterized by advanced city planning and trade networks. As time progressed, India witnessed the rise and fall of numerous empires, including the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, which contributed significantly to art, science, and philosophy. The subcontinent's history is marked by its ability to absorb and integrate various influences, making it a unique blend of traditions and innovations.