Indian civilizations refer to the various cultures and societies that have developed in the Indian subcontinent over thousands of years. The earliest known civilization is the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished around 2500 BCE, known for its advanced urban planning and trade networks. Following this, several empires and kingdoms emerged, including the Maurya and Gupta Empires, which made significant contributions to art, science, and philosophy. Throughout history, Indian civilizations have been marked by a rich tapestry of languages, religions, and traditions. Major religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism originated in India, influencing not only the region but also the world. The diverse cultural heritage continues to shape modern India, making it a unique blend of ancient and contemporary influences.