India-Pakistan relations have been complex and often tense since both countries gained independence in 1947. The primary issues between them include territorial disputes, particularly over Kashmir, and differing national identities. Both nations have fought several wars and have ongoing military standoffs, which have led to a cycle of mistrust and conflict. Despite these challenges, there have been efforts to improve relations through dialogue and peace initiatives. Cultural exchanges, trade agreements, and people-to-people connections have occasionally provided hope for better ties. However, incidents of violence and political disagreements often overshadow these efforts, making lasting peace elusive.