The Incan civilization was a powerful empire that thrived in South America from the early 15th century until the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. Centered in present-day Peru, the Incas are known for their advanced agricultural techniques, impressive architectural feats like Machu Picchu, and a vast network of roads that facilitated trade and communication across their mountainous territory. Incan society was highly organized, with a strong central government led by the Sapa Inca, who was considered a divine ruler. The Incas practiced a unique form of socialism, where resources were shared among the community, ensuring that everyone had access to food and shelter. Their rich cultural heritage includes intricate textiles, pottery, and a deep spiritual connection to the land.