Impact cratering is a geological process that occurs when a celestial object, such as a meteorite or asteroid, collides with a planet or moon's surface. This collision releases a tremendous amount of energy, creating a crater that can vary in size from small pits to large basins. The impact can also eject debris and cause shock waves, altering the landscape significantly. The study of impact cratering helps scientists understand the history of celestial bodies, including Earth and its Moon. By examining craters, researchers can learn about the age of surfaces, the frequency of impacts, and the potential effects on life and climate.