An illuminated manuscript is a handwritten book or document that features decorative elements, such as gold or silver leaf, vibrant colors, and intricate designs. These manuscripts were often created during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, primarily in Europe, and served religious, literary, or historical purposes. The term "illuminated" refers to the way these artworks were enhanced with light-reflecting materials, making the pages visually striking. Common subjects included biblical texts, classical literature, and scientific works. Notable examples include the Book of Kells and the Codex Gigas, which showcase the artistry and craftsmanship of their time.