Ibn Tulun was a prominent 9th-century Muslim ruler and the founder of the Tulunid dynasty in Egypt. He was born in Samarkand and served as a governor under the Abbasid Caliphate. His reign lasted from 868 to 884 CE, during which he established a degree of autonomy for Egypt and expanded its territory. He is best known for his architectural contributions, particularly the Mosque of Ibn Tulun, which is one of the oldest mosques in Cairo. This mosque features unique design elements, including a large courtyard and a distinctive minaret, reflecting the architectural style of the time.