Ibn Khaldun was a 14th-century Arab historian and philosopher, best known for his work, the Muqaddimah. He is often regarded as the father of modern sociology and historiography due to his innovative ideas about the rise and fall of civilizations. His theories emphasized the importance of social cohesion and economic factors in shaping societies. Born in Tunis, Ibn Khaldun experienced the political turmoil of his time, which influenced his thoughts on governance and society. He believed that understanding history required a scientific approach, combining observation and analysis. His insights remain relevant today, influencing various fields, including economics and political science.