Hydraulic fracturing, often called fracking, is a technique used to extract oil and natural gas from deep underground. It involves injecting a high-pressure mixture of water, sand, and chemicals into rock formations. This pressure creates small fractures in the rock, allowing the oil or gas to flow more freely to the surface. While fracking has made it easier to access energy resources, it has also raised environmental concerns. Critics worry about potential water contamination and the impact on local ecosystems. Supporters argue that it can lead to energy independence and economic growth, making it a controversial topic in energy discussions.