Hellenization refers to the spread of Greek culture, language, and ideas throughout the regions conquered by the Macedonian Empire under Alexander the Great. This process began in the 4th century BCE and significantly influenced various aspects of life, including art, philosophy, and governance, in areas such as Egypt, Persia, and parts of India. The impact of Hellenization continued long after Alexander's death, as Greek became the lingua franca of the eastern Mediterranean and beyond. This cultural blending led to the emergence of the Hellenistic period, characterized by advancements in science, literature, and the arts, as well as the fusion of Greek and local traditions.