Hellenistic leaders emerged after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE, as his vast empire fragmented into several kingdoms. These leaders, such as Ptolemy in Egypt and Seleucus in the Near East, sought to maintain control over their territories while promoting Greek culture and influence. They established cities, encouraged trade, and supported the arts and sciences. These rulers often faced challenges from local populations and rival factions. They employed military strength and diplomatic strategies to secure their power. The Hellenistic period, lasting until the Roman conquest, was marked by cultural exchange and the spread of Hellenistic philosophy and science.