Hardware standards are established guidelines that define the specifications and performance criteria for computer components and systems. These standards ensure compatibility and interoperability among different devices, allowing manufacturers to create products that work seamlessly together. Examples include the PCI Express standard for expansion cards and the USB standard for connecting peripherals. By adhering to hardware standards, companies can reduce costs and improve product reliability. Standards are often developed by organizations such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) or the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This collaborative approach helps maintain quality and fosters innovation in technology.