The Hafsids were a Muslim dynasty that ruled parts of North Africa, particularly in Tunisia, from the 13th to the 16th centuries. They emerged after the decline of the Almohad Caliphate and were known for their contributions to culture, architecture, and trade. The Hafsid capital was Tunis, which became a significant center for commerce and learning during their reign. The dynasty was founded by Abu Zakariya Yahya, who established his rule in 1230. The Hafsids faced various challenges, including conflicts with neighboring powers like the Ottoman Empire and the Spanish kingdoms. Despite these challenges, they maintained a degree of independence and left a lasting impact on the region's history.