The Guelphs were a political faction in medieval Italy that supported the papacy and the influence of the Pope. They emerged in the 12th century during conflicts with the Ghibellines, who backed the Holy Roman Empire. The Guelphs were primarily composed of urban elites and merchants who sought to maintain local autonomy and promote trade. The Guelphs played a significant role in the political landscape of cities like Florence and Bologna. Their influence led to the establishment of various city-states, where they often engaged in power struggles with the Ghibellines. Over time, the Guelphs became associated with the interests of the Church and the growing power of the Italian city-states.