Medieval Italy, spanning roughly from the 5th to the late 15th century, was a period marked by the decline of the Roman Empire and the rise of city-states. During this time, regions like Florence, Venice, and Milan became powerful centers of trade, culture, and politics. The influence of the Catholic Church was significant, with the Papal States playing a crucial role in governance and religious matters. The era also saw the emergence of notable figures such as Dante Alighieri and Giotto, who contributed to literature and art, respectively. The Renaissance, which began in the late medieval period, was characterized by a renewed interest in classical knowledge and humanism, leading to advancements in various fields and shaping modern Western culture.