The Italian city-states were independent regions in Italy during the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, roughly from the 9th to the 16th centuries. Major city-states included Florence, Venice, Genoa, and Milan. Each city-state operated like a small country, with its own government, economy, and military. They were often ruled by powerful families, such as the Medici in Florence. These city-states were centers of trade, culture, and politics, contributing significantly to the Renaissance movement. They fostered advancements in art, science, and literature, producing renowned figures like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. The competition among city-states also led to conflicts and alliances that shaped Italian history.