Guatemalan history dates back to ancient times, with the rise of the Maya civilization around 2000 BC. The Maya developed advanced knowledge in mathematics, astronomy, and writing, creating impressive cities like Tikal and Palenque. Spanish colonization began in the 16th century, leading to significant cultural and social changes. After gaining independence from Spain in 1821, Guatemala faced political instability and civil conflict. The Guatemalan Civil War lasted from 1960 to 1996, resulting in significant loss of life and displacement. Today, Guatemala is known for its rich cultural heritage, including traditional textiles and ancient ruins, reflecting its diverse history.