The Grand Dukes of Tuscany were the rulers of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, a significant state in central Italy from the late 16th century until the unification of Italy in the 19th century. The title was first held by the Medici family, who were influential patrons of the arts and played a crucial role in the Renaissance. Their reign saw the flourishing of culture, science, and architecture in cities like Florence and Pisa. After the Medici, the title passed to the House of Lorraine, which continued to govern until the region was annexed by the Kingdom of Italy in 1860. The Grand Dukes implemented various reforms, modernizing the economy and administration. Their legacy remains evident in Tuscany's rich cultural heritage and historical landmarks.